Kwimveliso yangoku, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwezemoto, i-aerospace, kunye{0}necandelo eliphezulu lee-elektroniki zesiphelo, ukunganyangeki.ukuwelda indawoyinkqubo yokudibanisa eyimfuneko. Umgangatho wezi welds ubalulekile kukhuseleko lwemveliso kunye nokuqina, kwaye entliziyweni yolu mgangatho kukho ukungena kwe-weld nugget. Lo metric{2}}ubunzulu apho i-"nugget" etyhidiweyo ingena khona kwisiseko semathiriyeli{3}}yeyona nto ibalulekileyo isalathisi sokomelela kwendibaniselwano.
Ifektri yethu kunye nezixhobo
Ke, unokulinganisa njani le parameter ibalulekileyo ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo? Esi sikhokelo sibonelela ngocazululo olucwangcisiweyo lweendlela ezingundoqo, ukusuka kwivenkile ekhawulezayo{0}kukhangelo olusezantsi ukuya kuhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lwaselabhoratri. Idityaniswe nemigangatho ephambili yoshishino kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzayo, kuya kukunceda ukuba wakhe inkqubo yokulawula umgangatho eyomeleleyo kwaye ethembekileyo kwimisebenzi yakho yokumelana ne-welding.
Uvavanyo olungonakaliyo (NDT) - Ukuxilongwa ngobuchule ngaphandle kokonakalisa iSahlulo
Inzuzo ephambili ye-Nondestructive Testing (NDT) yikhono layo lokuvavanya umgangatho we-weld ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa icandelo. Oku kuyenza ilungele{1}}kwinkqubo yokubeka iliso kunye nophicotho lomgangatho ophezulu{2}}kwimveliso yevolumu, esebenza njengelitye lembombo lemveliso yangoku, yeendleko{3}}esebenzayo.
Uvavanyo lweUltrasonic (UT): "Inene{0}}Ixesha Stethoscope" kuMtya weMveliso
- Ingaba isebenza kanjani:Obu buchule busebenzisa itransducer ukuthumela-amaza esandi esiphezulu ngendawana ye weld. Xa la maza edibana nomda -ofana nomphetho we-weld nugget, ukuqhekeka kwangaphakathi, okanye isithuba{3}}abonakalisa umva. Ngokuhlalutya ixesha kunye ne-amplitude yezi echoes, inkqubo ingabala ngokuchanekileyo i-nugget ye-diameter kunye nokungena, ehlala ivelisa imephu ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ye-weld.
- Izinto eziluncedo ezingundoqo:I-UT ikhawuleza kakhulu (ngokwesiqhelo phantsi kwesekondi enye ngeweld) kwaye ilunge kakhulu kwi-automation, iyenza iteknoloji ekhokelayo kwi-100%{1}}kuhlolo lomgca. Ngokutsho kwedatha yoshishino, iinkqubo eziphambili ze-Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) zinokufikelela kwinqanaba lokufumanisa ngaphezu kwe-98% yeziphene zangaphakathi ezinkulu kune-0.5 mm.
- Ingcebiso eSebenzayo:
- Ulungelelwaniso lubalulekile:Rhoqo ukulinganisa izixhobo ze-UT usebenzisa iibhloko zereferensi ezinemilinganiselo eyaziwayo kunye neziphene ukuze uqinisekise ukuchaneka ngokupheleleyo kwemilinganiselo yakho.
- Uqeqesho lwabaSebenzisi:Ngelixa zizenzekela kakhulu, abaqhubi basafuna uqeqesho lobuchwephesha ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo idatha ye-acoustic entsonkothileyo, ngakumbi xa ujongana nemathiriyeli eyahlukileyo okanye{0}}imfumba zamaleko amaninzi.
- I-Couplant nguNdoqo:Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-couplant (umzekelo, amanzi, ijeli) kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaza omsindo ahanjiswa ngokufanelekileyo kwi-workpiece.
Uvavanyo lweRadiographic (RT): "X-Imbono yeRay" yoLwakhiwo lwangaphakathi
- Ingaba isebenza kanjani:Ngokufana ne-X-reyi yonyango, le ndlela isebenzisa i-X-imitha okanye i-gamma ray ukudlula kwindawo edityanisiweyo, yenze umfanekiso kwisixhobo sedijithali okanye ifilimu. Ngenxa yokuba i-weld nugget, ii-cracks, kunye ne-voids zineendidi ezahlukeneyo, zibonakala njengemibala eyahlukeneyo yegrey, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ubume bangaphakathi.
- Izinto eziluncedo ezingundoqo:I-RT ibonelela ngerekhodi elibonakalayo elingenakulinganiswa le-weld yangaphakathi, iyenza isebenze kakhulu ekuchongeni iziphene zevolumetric ezifana ne-porosity kunye nokubandakanywa. Yindlela enyanzelekileyo yokuhlola kukhuseleko{1}}kumashishini abalulekileyo afana ne-aerospace kunye namandla enyukliya.
- Imida:Isixhobo kubiza kakhulu ukuthenga nokusebenza, imijikelo yovavanyo iyacotha, kwaye ifuna abasebenzi abaqinisekisiweyo abasebenza kwindawo ekhuselekileyo,-elawulwa yimitha. Ngoko ke, ayisebenzi kuhlolo lwemveliso{2} enkulu.
Uvavanyo olutshabalalisayo - "Umgangatho weGolide" wokuchaneka ngokupheleleyo
Nangona ifuna ukuncama inxalenye, uvavanyo olutshabalalisayo lolona phawu lubalaseleyo kuzo zonke iindlela zokulawula umgangatho. Yinkqubo eqinisekileyo yokuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezintsha, ukulinganisa izixhobo ze-NDT, kunye nokulamla iimbambano ezisemgangathweni.
Uhlalutyo lweMetallographic: "Isigwebo sokugqibela" kwiLebhu
- Inkqubo:Le yindlela yakudala yokufumana eyona datha ichanekileyo yokungena.
- Ukulungiselela Isampulu:Umnqamlezo -icandelo liyasikwa ukusuka kwindawo ye-weld, ifakwe kwi-resin, kwaye emva koko ixhomekeke kuluhlu lwamanyathelo okusila kunye nokupolishwa de isipili{1}}esifana nesiphelo sifezekisiwe.
- Ukuqatshelwa kwemichiza:Umphezulu opholisiweyo uphathwa nge-etchant yekhemikhali epholileyo (njengesisombululo se-Nital sentsimbi). Le nkqubo ihlasela i-microstructure ye-nugget edibeneyo kunye nemathiriyeli yomzali engaxutywanga ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo, ityhila ngokucacileyo umda we-nugget.
- Umlinganiselo weMicroscopic:Ngaphantsi kwe-metallurgical microscope exhotyiswe ngesoftware yokulinganisa, umhlalutyi unokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo idayamitha ye-nugget, ukujongwa kwephepha, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu,weld nugget ukungena.
- Ixabiso elinguNdoqo:Uhlalutyo lwe-metallographic "lumgangatho wegolide" wokuchaza kunye nokulinganisa ukungena kwe-weld. Idatha evela kuzo zonke iinkqubo ze-NDT, ezifana ne-ultrasound, kufuneka ekugqibeleni idityaniswe emva kwiziphumo ze-metallographic ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwazo.
UVavanyo lwaMandla oomatshini: “Uvavanyo lwamandla” olulula, oluthe ngqo
- Inkqubo:Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa amandla kwi weld ukuvavanya ngokuthe ngqo umthwalo wayo{0}umthamo wokuthwala. Ezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo luvavanyo -lokucheba kunye novavanyo lwe-cross{3}}loxinzelelo (okanye ukuxobula).
- Ukutolika iziphumo:Imowudi yokungaphumeleli ngundoqo wokuthatha. Ukuba i-weld idonsa "iqhosha" lezinto eziphathekayo kwelinye lamaphepha esiseko (eyaziwa ngokuba yiqhosha lokutsalwa), bubungqina obucacileyo bokuba i-nugget yayinkulu kwaye yomelele ngokwaneleyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba i-fracture iyenzeka kwi-interface phakathi kwamaphepha (i-interfacial fracture), ibonisa i-weld ebuthakathaka, ngokuqinisekileyo ngenxa yobukhulu obunganeleyo kunye nokungena.
- Unxulumano lwedatha:Olu hlobo lovavanyo lubonelela ngelona khonkco lomzimba lithe ngqo phakathi kokungena kwe-weld kunye namandla adibeneyo. Umzekelo, yamkelwe ngokubanzi kushishino ukuba i-nugget diameter ye-4√t (apho 't' bubunzima beshiti elinye) iyafuneka ukuze kuphunyezwe amandla afunekayo okucheba.
-Kwinkqubo yokuHlola - "Inkqubo yokuQapha isilumkiso"
Iintsimbi zangoku "ezihlakaniphileyo" ezixhathisayo ziya zibandakanya iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezidibeneyo. Ngokuhlalutya imiqondiso ebonakalayo ngexesha le-milliseconds yomjikelo we-weld, ezi sistim zinokujonga ukubunjwa kwe-nugget ngexesha lokwenyani, zenza ulawulo lomgangatho olusebenzayo.
UkuJonga uKuchasa okuNgqongileyo
- Ingaba isebenza kanjani:Ngexesha le-weld, ukuxhathisa kombane kwi-weld zone kulandela ijika eliguquguqukayo eliqikelelweyo. Ngokubeka iliso kwimilo, incopho, kunye nesantya sotshintsho lwale "signature yokuxhathisa okuguquguqukayo," kuyenzeka ukuba ugwebe ngokungangqalanga ukuba i-nugget iyabumba kwaye ikhula ngokuchanekileyo. Utyikityo oluhambelanayo luphawu lwenkqubo ezinzileyo.
- Umngeni:Le ndlela inovakalelo olugqithisileyo kubume bomphezulu besixhobo sokusebenza (umzekelo, i-oyile, ii-coatings, ii-oxides). Ukuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka ugcine ulawulo olungqongqo kumgangatho wezinto ezingenayo kunye nokulungiswa komphezulu.
ImiGangatho yoShishino kunye neMisebenzi eGqwesileyo
Ubuchule bokulinganisa bukwisiqingatha kuphela sedabi. Ukwenza izigwebo ezichanekileyo nezingatshintshiyo zomgangatho, kufuneka usebenze ngaphakathi kwesakhelo semigangatho yoshishino eyaziwayo.
Imigangatho yoShishino ePhambili
- Iimoto:Ishishini lilandela ngokubanzi imigangatho efana ne-AWS D8.1/D8.1M kunye ne-ISO 18278-2. Imfuno engundoqo yokungena kweweld kumaphepha amabini alinganayo{4}}okutyeba kwentsimbi ephantsi{7} yekhabhoni kukuba kufuneka ibe phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-80% yobukhulu bephepha elinye. Ngaphantsi kwe-20% ibonisa ibhondi ebuthathaka, ngelixa ngaphezulu kwe-80% ibeka umngcipheko we-indentation ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukutshisa, ukuphazamisa ingqibelelo yezinto.
- Uloliwe & kaloliwe:Uthotho lwemigangatho ye-EN 15085 lubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo ngokugqithisileyo ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lokuhlelwa kokhuseleko (CL1 ukuya kwi-CL4) yecandelo.
- Ukwenziwa ngokuBanzi:Imigangatho efana ne-JIS Z 3140 inokubhekisela. Ngelixa zihlala zingangqongqo kangako, basabonelela ngeemfuno ezicacileyo ezicacileyo zobungakanani benugget.
Iingcebiso eziSebenzayo zokuphucula ukuchaneka
- Isixhobo kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni:Ukubeka phambili i-welders ngokujongwa kwenkqubo edibeneyo. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke izixhobo zokulinganisa (iikhalitha, ii-microscopes, iiyunithi ze-UT) zihlala zilungelelaniswa ngesatifikethi esinokulandeleka. Ukuvavanya okutshabalalisayo, yenza iNkqubo yokuSebenza eMigangatho (SOP) ukulungelelanisa izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nexesha lokuchopha kunye neendlela zokupolisha.
- Idatha{{0}IziGqibo eziqhutywayo:Ukuseka isiseko sedatha esisembindini sokungena ngokucwangcisiweyo iziphumo zokulinganisa ecaleni kweeparamitha ze-weld ezihambelanayo (yangoku, ixesha, amandla). Sebenzisa iitshathi zoLawulo lweNkqubo yoBalo (i-SPC) ukujonga uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye nokuchonga ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweparameter drift kunye nokuguquguquka komgangatho, ukubonelela ngedatha exabisekileyo yokuphucula okuqhubekayo.
Ukuqukumbela
Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokungena kwe-weld nugget sisiseko sokumelana okuthembekileyo. Isicwangciso esiyimpumelelo sokulawula umgangatho asithembeli kwiteknoloji enye "yembumbulu yomlingo" kodwa kumanyano olukrelekrele lwe-NDT ekhawulezayo (efana ne-ultrasound), uvavanyo oluchanekileyo olutshabalalisayo (olufana nemetallografi), kunye{1}}nexesha lokwenyani lokujonga inkqubo.
Ngokuthobela imigangatho yoshishino kunye nokuphumeza ulawulo lwedatha olucwangcisiweyo, abavelisi banokuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo, ukunciphisa amaxabiso okulahla, kunye nokuzithemba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezifunekayo kumashishini anamhlanje, ekugqibeleni bafumane ukhuphiswano olubalulekileyo.
