Kwimizi-mveliso yanamhlanje, ukuxhathisaoomatshini bokuwelda amabalazizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokujoyina amacandelo ensimbi engenasici, esetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo afana neemoto, i-aerospace, imveliso yezixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nokwenziwa kwesinyithi. Ngenxa yendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi, ukumelana nombane okuphezulu, kunye nokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo, insimbi engenasici ifuna iinkqubo ezichanekileyo zokuwelda. Nakuphi na ukongamela kokusebenza kunokukhokelela kumandla angonelanga e-weld, iziphene ze-oxidation kwi-Heat{2}}iNdawo eChaphazelekileyo (HAZ), ukonyuka kokuchaphazeleka kwi-intergranular corrosion, okanye ukusilela kwesixhobo kunye neziganeko zokhuseleko.
Esi sikhokelo sichaza ngokucwangcisiweyo amanyathelo ayimfuneko okugcinwa kwezixhobo, ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lokhuseleko ekufuneka lulandelwe ngokungqongqo xa usebenzisa i-welder yendawo yensimbi engenasici.
I. ULondolozo lweZixhobo: ISiseko sokuSebenza ngokuFanelekileyo weWelding
Ukusebenza kwe-spot welder kuqinisekisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuzinza kunye nokuphindaphinda umgangatho we-weld. Ulondolozo lwemihla ngemihla olucwangcisiweyo luyimfuneko yokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo.
1. Ukuhlolwa koMatshini wemihla ngemihla kunye noKhuseleko loMbane
- Ukujonga Amandla kunye nokuGrounda:Ukuhlolwa kwemihla ngemihla kweentambo zombane, imibhobho yamanzi, kunye noqhagamshelo olusezantsi lunyanzelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba azichanekanga. Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba, njengesixhobo esiphakamileyo{{1}sangoku, indawo ekhuselayo yesixhobo sokutshisela kufuneka sithembeke.
- Uvavanyo lokumelana ne-Insulation:Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo (umzekelo, ngeveki okanye ngenyanga) lokumelana nokugquma kwesixhobo usebenzisa i-megohmmeter iyafuneka. Ngokwemigangatho kazwelonke (efana nochungechunge lwe-GB 15579), ukuxhathisa kwe-insulation phakathi{4}}kwizixhobo eziphezulu ze-voltage kunye ne-enclosure kufuneka ingabi ngaphantsi kwe-$ 2.5 \\umbhalo{M}\\Omega $ emva kokulungiswa komswakama. Le metric ibalulekileyo ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukothuka kombane kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi.
- Phezulu-Ukwahlulwa kweVoltge:Qinisekisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kombane okwaneleyo kugcinwe phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziphezulu -zevoltage conductive kunye nendawo ebiyelweyo yesixhobo ukunqanda ukuvuza okubangelwa kukwaluphala okanye ukonakaliswa kokugquma.
2. Ulawulo lweNkqubo yokuPholisa: Isitshixo soMgangatho weWeld oZinzileyo
I-spot welding steel stainless steel ibandakanya imisinga ephezulu, ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi. Inkqubo yokupholisa esebenzayo ibalulekile ekukhuseleni i-electrode kunye ne-transformer.
- Ulawulo lobushushu:Iqondo lokushisa lokungena kwamanzi okupholisa kufuneka lilawulwe ngokungqongqo phakathi koluhlu lwe-$ 5 ^\\circ\\text{C}$ ukuya kwi-$30^\\circ\\text{C}$ ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa okusebenzayo.
- Ukubeka iliso kwindawo:Beka iliso kwiqondo lobushushu lokuphuma kwamanzi okupholisa, ekufuneka ngokubanzi agcinwe ngaphantsi kwe $40^\\circ\\text{C}$. Ukunyuka kobushushu obungaqhelekanga sisalathisi sokuqala sokuvaleka kwenkqubo yokupholisa okanye umthwalo ogqithisileyo.
- Izinga lokuHamba kunye noMgangatho waManzi:Qinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okupholisa okwaneleyo kwaye ujonge rhoqo umgangatho wamanzi ukunqanda isikali okanye ukungcola ekuvaleni iintambo zokupholisa, ezinokuthi zibeke esichengeni ukusebenza kakuhle kokulahla ubushushu.
3. UkuKhethwa kwe-Electrode kunye noLondolozo: Isiqinisekiso esithe ngqo soMgangatho weWeld
I-electrode iyona kuphela i-medium edibanisa i-workpiece, kwaye imeko yayo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuxinana kwangoku kunye nokusabalalisa ubushushu.
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto:Ukuwelda intsimbi engatyiwa, iChromium{0}}Zirconium{1}}Ubhedu (Cr-Zr-Cu) imathiriyeli ye-electrode iyacetyiswa. Esi sixhobo sibonelela ngokuqhutywa kombane okuphezulu (ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kwangoku) kunye nobunzima obuphezulu (ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu{5}}nokuthomalalisa kunye noguquko), oko kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lulungileyo lomgangatho wendawo ye-weld engaguqukiyo.
- Ukunxiba rhoqo:Incam ye-electrode iya kunxiba kwaye ikhubazeke emva kwee-welds ezininzi. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isinxibo se-electrode esizinikezeleyo ukucheba rhoqo incam, ukubuyisela indawo yayo yokuqala yokudibanisa kunye nokumila kwejometri ukuqinisekisa ukuxinana kwangoku okufanayo.
- Iinqobo zokutshintsha:Xa i-diameter ephosakeleyo yencam ye-electrode idlula i-20% yobukhulu bayo bokuqala, i-electrode kufuneka itshintshwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kunokukhokelela ekuxinaniseni okwaneleyo ngoku ngenxa yendawo enkulu yoqhagamshelwano, okukhokelela kumandla obuthathaka be-weld.
II. Iinkqubo zokuSebenza ezichanekileyo: iSicwangciso sokuPhucula iParameter kwiSimbi eStainless
I-resistantivity ephezulu yensimbi engenasici ithetha ukuba iyatshisa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwangoku, kodwa ukuqhutyelwa kwayo okuphantsi kwe-thermal kwenza ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kube nzima. Ke ngoko, ukulungiswa kweparamitha yentsimbi engenastainless i-welding kufuneka igxile kumgaqo-siseko "woLawulo oluchanekileyo lokuNgena koBushushu."
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Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi ethambileyo, isicwangciso "sokucaciswa okuqinileyo" (Okuphezulu ngoku, ixesha elifutshane) kufuneka samkelwe xa kuthungelwa intsimbi engenasici:
- Ephakamileyo yangoku: I-welding current kufuneka inyuswe nge-30% ukuya kwi-50% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi ethambileyo yobunzima obufanayo. I-high current ivumela i-weld nugget ukuba yenze ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kwizinto ezijikelezileyo.
- Ixesha elifutshane: Ixesha le-weld elihambelanayo kufuneka lifinyezwe kakhulu. Oku kulawula ngokufanelekileyo igalelo lobushushu elipheleleyo, ukunciphisa ububanzi bobushushu{1}}Ummandla ochaphazelekayo (HAZ), ngaloo ndlela kucinezela ukungenwa kwi-corrosion ye-intergranular (efana ne-sensitization nge-304 $ yentsimbi engatyiwayo) kunye ne-oxidation yomhlaba.
- Uxinzelelo oluphezulu: Amandla e-electrode (uxinzelelo) kufuneka anyuswe nge-20% ukuya kwi-30% xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi ethambileyo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lunceda ukuzinzisa ukunganyangeki koqhagamshelwano kwaye lucinezela ngokufanelekileyo ukugxothwa (i-spatter), ngelixa likwakha ngokukhawuleza i-weld nugget emva kokuba i-current ivaliwe ukunyusa amandla e-weld.
| Ukutyeba kwephepha $t$ (mm) | Unyanzeliso lwe-Electrode olucetyiswayo $P $ (MPa) | IWelding eqhelekileyo yangoku $I$ (kA) | Ixesha eliQhelekileyo le-Weld $T$ (Izijikelezo/ms) | Icebiso Eliluncedo | |
| $0.5 + 0.5$ | $ 0,25 \\ sim 0.35 $ | $4.0 \\ sim 6.0$ | $4 \\ sim 8$ (80-160ms) | Ifanelekile kumaphepha amancinci; ifuna ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. | |
| $1.0 + 1.0$ | $ 0,40 \\ sim 0.55 $ | $6.5 \\ sim 9.0$ | $8 \\ sim 15$ (160-300ms) | Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo; ifuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwegalelo lobushushu. | |
| $1.5 + 1.5$ | $ 0.50 \\ sim 0.70 $ | $8.0 \\ sim 11.0$ | $12 \\ sim 20$ (240-400ms) |
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Qaphela: Itheyibhile engentla ibonelela ngeereferensi zereferensi ye-304 $ ye-austenitic stainless steel. Iiparamitha eziyinyani zifuna uhlengahlengiso ngovavanyo lwe-welding ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwesixhobo kunye nezinto ezithile.
2. UQinisekiso lweNkqubo kunye nokuLungile{1}}UkuSungula
- Uvavanyo lwe-Welding kunye noVavanyo olonakalisayo: Vavanya iiweldskufuneka yenziwe ngalo lonke ixesha ibhetshi yezinto, ubukhulu beshiti, okanye isinxibo se-electrode sitshintshwa. Uvavanyo olutshabalalisayo (olufana novavanyo lwe- peel okanye uvavanyo lwe-tensile) kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-weld nugget diameter kunye namandla okucheba ayahlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo.
- UVavanyo oluBonakalayo:Vavanya umphezulu wendawo ye-weld ukwenzela ukufana, ubunzulu bokungena, kunye neqondo le-oxidation. Indawo efanelekileyo ye-weld kufuneka ibe ne-indentation efanayo, kwaye ubunzulu be-indent akumele budlule i-$ 15% ye-sheet thickness. I-oxidation emthubi okanye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yamkelekile, kodwa i-oxidation emnyama kakhulu ibonisa igalelo lobushushu obugqithisileyo.
- IParameter Fine{0}}UkuSungula:Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo olutshabalalisayo, beka phambili ulungiso{0}}lokulungisa i-welding yangoku (enempembelelo enkulu kubungakanani be-nugget), ilandelwe lixesha le-weld, kwaye ekugqibeleni amandla e-electrode.
III. Ukhuseleko kunye noLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo: Ukukhusela iMpilo yabaSebenzisi
Ukusebenza kwe-spot welder kubandakanya amandla ombane aphezulu, umsinga ophakamileyo, kunye nomsi wesinyithi, odinga ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwiiprothokholi zokhuseleko.
1. IiMfuno zeNdawo yoMsebenzi kunye noKhuseleko loMlilo
- Ukususwa kwezinto ezinokutsha: Zonke izinto ezinokutsha kufuneka zicocwe ngaphakathi kwi-radius yeemitha ezi-5 zendawo yokusebenza ye-welding, kwaye izixhobo ezisebenzayo zokucima umlilo kufuneka zifumaneke ngokukhawuleza.
- I-Ventilation System: I-Welding steel stainless steel (ingakumbi i-austenitic stainless steel equkethe i-chromium kunye ne-nickel) ivelisa i-fumes ene-hexavalent chromium kunye ne-nickel oxides, ezihlelwa njenge-carcinogens. Indawo ekusetyenzwa kuyo kufuneka ixhotyiswe nge-exhaust ventilation yendawo okanye inkqubo yokukhupha umsi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuhlangana kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni kungaphantsi kwemida yokuvezwa emsebenzini.
- Ukugcinwa kweSilinda seGesi: I-oksijeni, i-acetylene, kunye nezinye iisilinda zegesi kufuneka zigcinwe ngokwahlukileyo, kude nemithombo yokushisa kunye neentlantsi, ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yokhuseleko.
2. Izixhobo zoKhuseleko zoMntu (PPE)
- Ukukhuselwa kwamehlo: Nxiba izibuko zokhuseleko ezithobelayo okanye isigcina-ntloko esikhusela amehlo kwi-spatter kunye nokukhanya kwe-arc ye-welding.
- Ukhuseleko loMzimba: Nxiba iimpahla-ezingenamsebenzi ovuthayo kunye neeglavu ezigqunyiweyo. I-spatter evela kwi-stainless steel spot welding ishushu kakhulu, kwaye iimpahla eziqhelekileyo aziboneleli ngokufanelekileyo.
- Ukhuseleko lokuphefumla: Kwiindawo ezivaleleke kakubi okanye ezisingqongileyo ezinomsi ophezulu, abaqhubi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo ezivunyiweyo zokukhusela ukuphefumla (ezifana nesixhobo sokuphefumla esinezihluzi ze-P100).
3. IiNkqubo eziNgxamisekileyo kunye nokuPhathwa kweePhoso
- Uqhawulo loMbane kwaKhawulezayo: Xa kuthe kwakho nakuphi na okungaqhelekanga (umzekelo, isixhobo sokutshayela, ingxolo engaqhelekanga, ukuvuza kwamanzi okupholisa), umsebenzisi kufuneka acofe iqhosha le-Emergency Stop ngoko nangoko okanye acime umbane ongundoqo.
- Ukuvinjelwa kokuSebenza okunyanzeliswayo: Kunqatshelwe ngokungqongqo ukwenza imisebenzi ye-welding xa izixhobo ziphosakele okanye xa i-interlocks yokhuseleko idlula okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle.
- Ukunika iNgxelo nokuRekhoda: Zonke iziphene zezixhobo kunye neemeko ezingaqhelekanga mazixelwe ngoko nangoko kwisuphavayiza echongiweyo zize zibhalwe ngokucokisekileyo kwilog yolondolozo lwezixhobo.
IV. Thumela-uQinisekiso loMgangatho weWeld kunye nokuBuyiselwa kwePropati yeSimbi eStainless
I-Post-unyango lwe-weld ibalulekile, njengoko imisela ukuba ingaba imveliso igcina iimpawu zayo ezingundoqo zokuxhathisa umhlwa.
1. Unyango loMphezulu kunye nokuPhumeza
- Ukususwa kwee-Oxides kunye ne-Spatter: Indawo edibeneyo kufuneka icocwe ngokucokisekileyo kwi-spatter, i-slag, kunye neentsalela ze-oxide.
- Pickling okanye Passivation Treatment: Eli linyathelo elibaluleke kakhulu ukubuyisela ukuxhathisa umhlwa kwentsimbi engatyiwayo. Inkqubo yewelding iyonakalisa ichromium -ifilimu etyebileyo yeoksidi (ifilimu ye-passive) kumphezulu wentsimbi engenastainless. Ngokuchola (ukususa i-tint yobushushu kunye nee-oxides) okanye i-passivation (ukuguqula i-chromium ezinzileyo{3}}ifilimu ye-oxide etyebileyo kumphezulu), ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion kungabuyiselwa, kuthintele ukurusa kwangaphambi kwexesha.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa koMgangatho kunye noXwebhu
- Uvavanyo olonakalisayo: Qhubeka wenze iimvavanyo zokuqina, uvavanyo lwetorque, okanye uvavanyo lwe-peel ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla omatshini wendawo weld ahlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo.
- Okungelona -Uvavanyo lokutshabalalisa (NDT): Kumacandelo abalulekileyo, uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic okanye uvavanyo lwe-radiographic lungasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ingaphakathi le-weld nugget yeziphene ezifana ne-porosity, inclusions, okanye ukungabikho kokudibanisa.
- UXwebhu loMgangatho: Ukuseka iirekhodi zomgangatho oneenkcukacha, kubandakanywa iiparamitha ze-welding, inani leendawo ze-weld, iziphumo zovavanyo olutshabalalisayo, kunye nolwazi lomsebenzisi, ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka.
Isakhelo sokuPhunyezwa: Ukuseka iNkqubo yoLawulo lwe-Spot Welding Management System
Ukudibanisa ezi mfuno kwimikhwa yokusebenza yemihla ngemihla, iinkampani kufuneka ziseke isakhelo solawulo olucwangcisiweyo:
- Seka uludwe lwemihla ngemihla:Phuhlisa uluhlu lokukhangela olusemgangathweni oluquka ubume bombane, ukupholisa, kunye ne-electrode, efuna uphawu lomsebenzisi{0}}luvaliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
- Yenza iDatabase yeParameter:Ukuseka isiseko sedatha yepharamitha ye-welding egunyazisiweyo kumabakala ahlukeneyo (umzekelo, i-$ 304 $, i-$ 316 $) kunye nobukhulu bensimbi engenasici, kwaye udibanise kwiprogram yezixhobo zokunciphisa impazamo yabantu kwiindawo.
- Phuhlisa Iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokusabela kwiNgxakeko:Yenza ecacileyo,{0}}elula{1}ukuqonda iiflowutshati kwiimpendulo zikaxakeka kumlilo, ukothuka kombane, ukusilela kwezixhobo, kunye nezinye izehlo.
- Qhuba uQeqesho loKhuseleko rhoqo:Lungiselela iiseshoni zoqeqesho lobuchwephesha ubuncinane ngonyaka kwiingozi zentsimbi ye-welding fumes, ukhuseleko lombane, kunye nokuphathwa ngokukhawuleza.
- Gcina iiRekhodi ezineenkcukacha zoLondolozo:Bhala zonke izenzo zokulungisa, ukutshintshwa kwe-electrode, kunye nohlengahlengiso lweparameter ukubonelela ngedatha yembali yokuxilongwa kwempazamo yezixhobo kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuwelda indawo yentsimbi estainless zihlala zihlangabezana-nemigangatho yomgangatho ophezulu, kubalulekile ukugcina ukungayekeleli. isimo sengqondo sobuchwephesha malunga nokugcinwa kwezixhobo, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lweparameter, kunye nokuphunyezwa kweprotocol yokhuseleko.
Ngokujonga izixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo, ukuthobela isicwangciso "Esiphezulu- sangoku, esifutshane{1}} sexesha ", imilinganiselo yokhuseleko ebanzi, kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho we-weld ngokucokisekileyo, abavelisi banokuwanciphisa kakhulu amazinga aneziphene ngelixa bekhusela ukhuseleko emsebenzini. Ukuphumeza iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni kunye noqeqesho oluqhubekayo lwabaqhubi sisiqinisekiso esisisiseko sokuba utyalo-mali lwakho lwe-welding luya kuzisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nokugcina imfezeko yamacandelo ensimbi engenasici kuzo zonke izicelo.
