Kwizicelo ezinje ngeenkqubo ezintsha zokugcina amandla, uqhagamshelo lwebhasi yamandla, kunye nemveliso ye-conductor eguquguqukayo,oomatshini bokuwelda bepolymerziye zaba zizixhobo eziyimfuneko ekufezekiseni amalungu esinyithi athembeke kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo ne-welding yemveli edityanisiweyo, exhomekeke ekunyibilikeni kwesiseko, i-diffusion welding yinkqubo eqinileyo-yelizwe yokudibanisa apho ubushushu noxinzelelo zisebenza kunye ukukhuthaza ukusasazwa kweatom ngapha kojongano, yenze ibhondi yesinyithi ezinzileyo.
Phantsi kweemeko ezilungiselelwe kakuhle, udiffusion{0}amalungu adityanisiweyo angafikelela kwi-80% ukuya kwi-100% yamandla esiseko semathiriyeli, kwaye kwezinye izinto zobhedu kunye ne-alloy yobhedu, amandla okudityaniswa angasondela kwemathiriyeli yomzali ngokwayo.
Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo zokwenyani zemveliso, abanye abavelisi basadibana nokungonelanga kokuqina okudibeneyo emva kokwamkela itekhnoloji ye-welding ye-diffusion. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-interface delamination ngexesha lokuvavanywa kobunzima, ukuqhekeka kwendawo yokuhlala, okanye ukuhluka okubalulekileyo kwamandla ngexesha lokuveliswa kwebhetshi. Le miba ayinciphisi imveliso kuphela kodwa ingadala{2}}imingcipheko yokuthembeka kwexesha elide. Kwizicelo eziphezulu{4} zangoku ezifana neenkqubo zokugcina amandla, ukungonelanga kwendibaniselwano kunokukhokelela ekufudumezweni, ukuthotywa kokusebenza, okanye ukusilela kokhuseleko.
Ukusuka kumava obunjineli obusebenzayo, ukonelela amandla e-welding ye-welding kunqabile ukuba kubangelwa yinto enye. Rhoqo, isiphumo sokudityaniswa kokutenxa okuncinci kumanqanaba amaninzi enkqubo. Umzekelo, iiparamitha ezinganelanga kancinci, ukulungiswa komphezulu okungaphelelanga, kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo olungazinzanga kunokuthintela ngokudibeneyo ukudibanisa okufanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukuseka isakhelo esicwangcisiweyo sokucombulula ingxaki kubalulekile, kungekuphela nje ukuchonga oonobangela abaphambili kodwa nokuphucula inkqubo yokuphucula kunye nezigqibo zokukhetha izixhobo.
Eli nqaku lihlalutya oyena nobangela wokungonelanga ukomelela kwe-welding kwaye libonisa amacebo okuphucula asebenzayo asekelwe kwimveliso yokwenyani{0} yamava ehlabathi.
Uhlalutyo lweMbangela yeeNqampu: Izinto eziNhlanu eziPhambili eziKhokelelisa ukuNgamandla okuWelding ngokwaneleyo
Kwi-welding yokusasazwa, ukomelela komdibaniso ngokusisiseko kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokusasazeka kweathom kunye nokuzinza komaleko wokusasazwa owenziwe kujongano. Xa ubushushu, uxinzelelo, ixesha, kunye neemeko zomphezulu zihambelana ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zinto zimbini ngokuthe ngcembe zenza ulwakhiwo oluqhubekayo lwekristale, luvumela iipropathi zoomatshini zisondele kwezo zinto zisisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nayiphi na yezi zinto zibalulekileyo ziwela ngaphandle koluhlu olufanelekileyo, inkqubo yokusabalalisa iyancipha, ibangele amandla ancitshisiweyo okanye amalunga angathembekanga.
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukucombulula ingxaki kufuneka kulandele indlela ecwangcisiweyo, kuphonononge ezi zinto zintlanu zilandelayo ziphambili kunokulungelelanisa iiparamitha ngokungaboni.
1. Ukuhambelana kweParameter ye-Welding engafanelekanga: Eyona nto iNgqongileyo yokuNcitshiswa kwamandla
Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezinempembelelo, iiparamitha ze-welding ezingahambelaniyo zezona zizathu ziqhelekileyo zokungonelanga kwamandla e-welding. Ukusebenza kwe-welding ye-diffusion kuxhomekeke ekuhambeni kwe-athomu, okwandisa kakhulu ngeqondo lokushisa. Xa iqondo lobushushu lifikelela malunga ne-0.5 ukuya kwi-0.8 yobushushu obunyibilikayo bezinto (kwiqondo lobushushu elipheleleyo), i-atomic diffusion iba isebenza ngokwaneleyo ukuze yenze i-metallurgical bond phantsi koxinzelelo olusetyenziswayo.
Ukuba iqondo lokushisa liphantsi kakhulu, izinga lokusabalalisa liyancipha kakhulu. Nokuba ixesha elongeziweyo lokubamba, umaleko wokusasazwa unokuhlala ubhityile kakhulu, okukhokelela kujongano olubonakalayo olucacileyo kunye notyekelo lokusilela ecaleni kwenqwelomoya yokudibanisa ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqina. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba iqondo lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, ukusabalalisa kukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-brittle intermetallic compounds. Lo mba uxhaphake ngakumbi kwi-copper-aluminiyam okanye kwi-nickel{3}indibaniselwano yemathiriyeli esekwe, apho izigaba ezibhityileyo zinciphisa ukudubeka kunye nokwandisa ukubakho kokwaphuka phantsi komthwalo.
Uxinzelelo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo. Uxinzelelo olululo lubangela uguquko oluncinci- lweplastiki kwindawo yoqhakamshelwano, ukuthambisa ii-asperities ezincinci kunye nokwandisa indawo yokunxibelelana yokwenyani. Ukuba uxinzelelo alwanelanga, izikhewu ze-microscopic zihlala phakathi kwendawo, zithintela ukusabalalisa okuqhubekayo. Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, nangona kunjalo, lunokubangela ukuguqulwa kwendawo okanye umonakalo ongaphezulu, okuchaphazela kakubi amandla adibeneyo.
Kusetyenziso olusebenzayo, uluhlu olucetyiswayo lweparamitha luyahluka ngokohlobo lwemathiriyeli. Ngokomzekelo, i-copper busbar diffusion welding ifuna amaqondo obushushu phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-750℃kunye noxinzelelo kuluhlu lwe-5-20 MPa. Ukuwelda okungafaniyo kobhedu-aluminiyam kudla ngokufuna uxinzelelo oluphezulu kancinane kunye nexesha lokubamba ngononophelo lokuqinisekisa ukwakheka kojongano oluzinzileyo.
Ngoko ke, xa amandla angonelanga ejongiwe, kubalulekile ukuphinda{0}}uvavanye ukuba iiparamitha zangoku zihambelana nyani nemathiriyeli kunye neemfuno zolwakhiwo, kunokuxhomekeka kuphela kwimimiselo esetyenziswe ngaphambili.
2. ULungiselelo olungonelanga lomphezulu: Umba oSisiseko ochaphazela uLwakhiwo lweBond
Imeko yomphezulu idlala indima esisiseko ekusebenzeni kwe-welding. Kuba ukudityaniswa kwe-diffusion kufuna unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi komphezulu kwinqanaba le-microscopic, ungcoliseko olunje ngomaleko we-oxide, intsalela yeoli, kunye namasuntswana amahle anokusebenza njengezithintelo zomzimba, ukuthintela ukusasazwa kwe-athomu kuyo yonke imbonakalo.
Ukuba kukho umaleko oshinyeneyo weoksidi, ukusasazwa kungenzeka kuphela kwiindawo ezikwanti ngelixa eminye imimandla ihlala ingabotshwanga. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kudla ngokukhokelela ekudibaneni ngokuyinxenye kumdibaniso, apho amanye amacandelo abonakala omelele ngelixa amanye esilela ngaphambi kwexesha. Ngexesha lokuvavanywa kobunzima, iziphene ezinjalo zihlala zikhokelela kwiipateni zokuqhekeka okungaqhelekanga kunokusilela okufanayo.
Uburhabaxa bomphezulu yenye iparameter ebalulekileyo. Imiphezulu erhabaxa ngokugqithisileyo idala izithuba ezinkulu zemicroscopic ezifuna uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokuvala, ngelixa umphezulu ogudileyo ngokugqithisileyo unokunciphisa inani leendawo zoqhagamshelwano ezisebenzayo. Uluhlu loburhabaxa bomphezulu lweRa 0.8 ukuya kwi-1.6 μm ngokuqhelekileyo lunconywa, njengoko lulinganisa indawo yoqhagamshelwano kunye nokuziphatha kokuguqulwa.
Ukuhamba okusemgangathweni kokulungiswa komphezulu kubandakanya ukucocwa koomatshini, ukucocwa kweekhemikhali, kunye nokomisa okulawulwayo. I-polish yomatshini isusa iileyile ze-oxide, ukucocwa kweekhemikhali kuphelisa ukungcoliswa kweoli, kwaye ukomisa kuthintela umswakama ekuphazamiseni ukudibanisa. Kwiindawo eziphezulu{2}}zemveliso yevolumu, ukulibaziseka phakathi kokucoca kunye ne-welding kunokuvumela iileya zeoksidi emitsha ukuba zenzekile, nto leyo eyenza kube yimfuneko ukulawula isithuba phakathi kwala manyathelo.
Amava ommandla abonisa ukuba malunga ne-30% ukuya kwi-40% yamandla{2}}okusilela okunxulumeneyo kunokulandwa emva kokungonelanga kokulungiswa komphezulu, kuqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwayo nangona ilula.
3. Ukungazinzi kweZixhobo: Umfaki-nxaxheba oMkhulu wokuGuquguquka kwamandla
Kwiindawo ezininzi zokuvelisa, iinguqu ezinkulu kumandla we-welding zihlala zibangelwa kumiselo lweparameter, kodwa ukungazinzi kwezixhobo kudla ngokuba yimbangela. Oomatshini bokudibanisa i-Diffusion kufuneka bagcine ubushushu obuzinzileyo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula uxinzelelo. Nokuba iiparamitha zicwangciswe ngokuchanekileyo, ukutenxa ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kunokuchaphazela kakhulu umgangatho wokudibanisa.
Umzekelo, ukuba iqondo lobushushu elicwangcisiweyo liyi-600℃kodwa eyona ndawo yokufudumeza ifikelela kuphela kwi-580℃ngenxa yeempazamo zokulinganisa, amazinga okusasaza anongonelanga. Lo mahluko unokubonakala umncinci ngokwamanani kodwa unokuchaphazela kakhulu ukuhlangana kwesinyithi, ngakumbi xa udityaniswa nezinto zobhedu apho ubushushu buba nzima ngakumbi.
Ngokufanayo, ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo kunokutshintsha iimeko zoqhagamshelwano kwi-interface. Uxinzelelo olungaguqukiyo lukhokelela kubunzima obungalinganiyo bomaleko, okukhokelela kuguquko lwamandla kumacandelo adityanisiweyo. Kuvavanyo lokuqina, le ngxaki idla ngokuvela njengamaxabiso angahambelaniyo amandla ngaphakathi kwibhetshi enye yemveliso kunokusilela ngokupheleleyo.
Iiparamitha zezixhobo eziphambili ekufuneka zibekwe esweni rhoqo ziquka:
- Ukuchaneka kokulawula ubushushu ngaphakathi kwe-± 2℃ukuya kwi-±5 degree
- Ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo ngaphakathi ±2%
- Ukuhanjiswa kokufudumeza okufanayo kwindawo yonke ye-welding
- I-Electrode okanye imeko yokunxiba isixhobo
Ukulinganisa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa kokuthintela kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-welding engaguqukiyo.
4. Uyilo lweNkqubo ye-Welding engafanelekanga: Ukwahluka kwesakhiwo kufuna ukulungelelaniswa kweNkqubo
Nokuba izixhobo kunye neeparamitha zibonakala zamkelekile, uyilo lwenkqubo ye-welding ngokwalo lusenokunciphisa ukusebenza. Ubunzima bezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokucwangciswa kwesakhiwo kufuna ulandelelwano lwe-welding, kwaye ukusebenzisa inkqubo efanayo kuzo zonke iimveliso zihlala zikhokelela kwiziphumo ezisezantsi.
Umzekelo, kwiziqhagamshelo zamaleya amaninzi, ukungabikho kwenqanaba elililo{0}}lokulayishwa elifanelekileyo kunokuthintela ukudibana okufanayo phakathi kweeleya, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kosasazo. Kwiibhasi ezishinyeneyo zobhedu, ukufudumeza okukhawulezayo okugqithisileyo kunokubangela iqondo lobushushu phakathi komphezulu kunye nengaphakathi, nto leyo ekhokelela kulwaleko olungalinganiyo lolwaleko.
I-welding ye-material engafaniyo ibonisa ubunzima obongezelelweyo. Kwibhondi ye-copper-aluminiyam, ukusasazwa okungalawulekiyo kunokuvelisa umaleko oshinyeneyo we-intermetallic ovuthuluka ngoomatshini. Ezi zingqimba zivame ukuqhekeka phantsi koxinzelelo lomatshini, ukunciphisa ukuqina komgudu.
Ke ngoko, uyilo lwenkqubo kufuneka luphuculwe ngokusekelwe koku:
- Uhlobo lwezinto
- Ubukhulu becandelo
- Uqwalaselo oludibeneyo
- Iimfuno zomjikelo wemveliso
Kuphela ngokulinganisa le miba apho umaleko ozinzileyo nothembekileyo wokusasazwa unokufumaneka rhoqo.
5. Umgangatho oMbi weMathiriyeli: Umthombo ofihliweyo woMda wamandla
Umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo ekugqibeleni uchaza umda ophezulu wamandla adibeneyo. Nangona iiparitha ze-welding ziphuculwe, iziphene ezinjengokungcola, ukuqhekeka kwangaphakathi, okanye ukufakwa kwisiseko sezinto ezisisiseko kunokunciphisa i-interface yokubambisana.
Umzekelo, imathiriyeli yobhedu enobusulungekileyo obungonelanga okanye isiqulatho seoksijini ephakamileyo inokuphuhlisa i-micro{0}}iziphene ngexesha lokudibanisa i-diffusion. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingafaniyo, ukungabikho kwe-interlayer efanelekileyo kunokukhawulezisa ukubunjwa kwe-brittle intermetallic compounds, ehlala isebenza njengeendawo zokuqalisa ukuqhekeka.
Xa ukusilela kwamandla okuxhaphakileyo kwenzeka, izixhobo eziluhlaza kufuneka zivavanywe ngokusekelwe koku:
- Ubunyulu bezinto eziphathekayo
- Imeko yomphezulu
- Ubukho besiphako sangaphakathi
- Ukuhambelana kwe-Interlayer
Ukulawula umgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza kuqinisekisa isiseko esizinzileyo sokudibanisa okuthembekileyo.
Izisombululo ezijoliswe kuzo: Iindlela eziSebenzayo zokuphucula amandla e-Welding
Zakuba zichongiwe oonobangela, amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo okulungisa kufuneka aphunyezwe. Ukulungelelanisa iparamitha enye akufane kuyisombulule imiba entsonkothileyo ye-welding. Endaweni yoko, kucetyiswa indlela elungelelanisiweyo ebandakanya inkqubo, izixhobo zokusebenza kunye nophuculo lokusebenza.
1. Lungiselela iiParameters ze-Welding ngokusebenzisa i-Standardization
Kwiindawo zokuvelisa{0}ezisekiweyo, ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni lweparameter luqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezingaguqukiyo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo.
Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukwenza iiwelds zolingo ezilawulwayo, ukuvavanya amandla okuqina okanye amandla okucheba, kunye nokurekhoda indibaniselwano yeparamitha ephuculweyo. Nje ukuba ziqinisekisiwe, ezi zicwangciso zisemthethweni njengeenkqubo ezisemgangathweni kwaye zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwimveliso.
Kwi-welding ye-copper busbar diffusion, iiparamitha ezilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo zihlala zikhokelela ekugqithiseni amandla adibeneyoI-85% yamandla ezinto ezisisiseko, ngokuphucuka kakhulu kokuhambelana kwebhetshi.
2. Yomeleza iiNkqubo zokuLungisa uMphezulu
Ukulungiswa komphezulu kuhlala kuyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kodwa zihlala zijongelwa phantsi kwimpumelelo ye-welding.
Indlela yokucoca edibeneyo yomatshini kunye neekhemikhali iyacetyiswa ngokubanzi. I-polish yomatshini isusa iileyile ze-oxide, ngelixa ukucocwa kweekhemikhali kuphelisa i-oyile eseleyo kunye neengqungquthela ezintle. Emva kokucoca, umphezulu kufuneka uhlale ungabonakali kwaye ukhululekile ekungcoleni ngaphambi kwe-welding.
Kwimizila yokuvelisa ngokuzenzekelayo, iinkqubo zokucoca ezizinikeleyo zinokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukuguquguquka, okukhokelela kwiziphumo ezihambelanayo.
3. Ukuzalisekisa ukuLondolozwa kweZixhobo zoThintelo
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, izinzwa zobushushu, iinkqubo zoxinzelelo, kunye neemodyuli zokufudumeza zinokukhukuliseka kumaxabiso azo alinganisiweyo. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa rhoqo, oku kunxaxha kunokuqokelela kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe kuthobe umgangatho we-welding.
Ishedyuli yogcino olucwangcisiweyo iyacetyiswa, efana nale:
- Ukulinganisa inkqubo yobushushu rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintathu
- Ukuhlolwa kwenkqubo yoxinzelelo rhoqo ngenyanga
- Ukuhlolwa kwemodyuli yokufudumeza emva kwenani elichaziweyo lemijikelo
Ulondolozo lothintelo aluzinzisi kuphela ukusebenza kwe-welding kodwa lwandisa ubomi besixhobo.
4. Lungiselela iNkqubo ye-Welding kunye neTechniques eziNcedisayo
Kwizicelo zemathiriyeli ezahlukeneyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo ze-interlayer kunokuphucula kakhulu uzinzo lwe-interlayer. Izinto ezifana ne-nickel okanye isilivere zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukunciphisa ukubunjwa kwe-brittle compound kunye nokuphucula amandla okudibanisa.
Ukongeza, ukulawula i-oxidation ngexesha -lobushushu obuphezulu bewelda{1}}ngomoya okhuselayo okanye indawo yokufunxa{2}kungaphucula ngakumbi ukuthembeka kwebhondi.
5. Ukulungelelanisa iiNkqubo zokuSebenza ukuNciphisa impazamo yoBantu
Ukungahambelani kokusebenza kungumthombo oqhelekileyo wokuhluka komgangatho. Umahluko kwiindlela zokuphatha, iindlela zokubamba, okanye ixesha lokulungiselela kunokutshintsha iimeko zojongano kunye nokunciphisa ukuphindaphinda.
Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni (SOPs), ukubonelela ngoqeqesho lwabaqhubi, kunye nokugcina iirekhodi ezineenkcukacha ze-welding zizicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukuguquguquka okubangelwa ngabantu.
Ukucombulula iingxaki ngokuSebenzayo kwiiNjineli zeMveliso
Xa kuvela imiba yamandla e-welding, ukulandela ulandelelwano lokusombulula ingxaki kunceda ukuthintela ulingo olungeyomfuneko.
Indlela ecetyiswayo iqala ngokuhlola ukucoceka komphezulu kunye nomgangatho wokulungiselela. Ukuba ungcoliseko lubhaqiwe, -ukucoca kufuneka kwenziwe. Okulandelayo, useto lweparameter kufuneka luqinisekiswe ngokuchasene neemfuno zezinto. Ukuba iiparamitha zibonakala zichanekile, ukusebenza kwezixhobo kufuneka kuhlolwe, kugxininise kwiqondo lokushisa kunye nokuzinza koxinzelelo. Okokugqibela, umgangatho wemathiriyeli ekrwada kufuneka uqwalaselwe kwakhona.
Eli nyathelo{0}nge{1}}ngenkqubo yenyathelo livumela iinjineli ukuba zichonge oonobangela ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zicuthe ixesha lokuphumla.
Indlela ukuKhethwa kweZixhobo ezichaphazela ngayo ukuthembeka kokuqina kwe-Welding
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iingxaki zamandla e-welding aziyonkqubo kuphela-ezalanayo kodwa zikwadityaniswa nokubanakho kwesixhobo. Ngoko ke, ukhetho lwezixhobo kufuneka lugxininise ekusebenzeni kobugcisa kuneendleko zodwa.
Ukuchaneka kokulawula ubushushu yenye yezona parameters zibaluleke kakhulu. Oomatshini abanakho ukugcina ukuchaneka kobushushu ngaphakathi±2 isidangaukubonelela ngeemeko zosasazo ezizinzile ngakumbi.
Uzinzo loxinzelelo lubalulekile ngokulinganayo. Iinkqubo ezinokuguquguquka koxinzelelo ngezantsi±2%zifaneleke ngcono ukugcina ujongano olufanayo loqhagamshelwano.
Kumacandelo amakhulu okanye amaninzi, ukufudumeza okufanayo kubalulekile. Iinkqubo zokufudumeza iindawo ezininzi -zinokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kwaye zicuthe iindawo ezibuthathaka.
Izixhobo zala maxesha ezinedatha ezenzekelayo kunye neempawu zokulandeleka zikwaphucula ulawulo lwemveliso ngokwenza ukuba ukulandelwa komgangatho okuneenkcukacha.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukungonelanga kwe-welding ye-welding kunqabile ukuba kubangelwa ukutenxa kwepharamitha enye. Endaweni yoko, isiphumo sivela kwimpembelelo edibeneyo yezixhobo, izixhobo, uyilo lwenkqubo, kunye neendlela zokusebenza. Kuphela ngokufezekisa ulungelelwaniso olululo phakathi kwezi qalelo kunokuqinisekiswa uzinzo lwexesha elide{2}}.
Kubavelisi ngoku abasebenzisa iisistim ze-welding diffusion, ukuseka idatabase yeparameter esemgangathweni, ukuphuculwa kokuhamba komsebenzi wokulungiselela umphezulu, kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka kwezixhobo zezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso. Kwiinkampani eziceba ukutyala imali kwizixhobo ezitsha, ukukhetha oomatshini abanobushushu obuphezulu kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kuya kunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wamandla{1}}okusilela okunxulumeneyo.
Njengoko i-welding ye-diffusion iqhubeka isanda kuwo wonke ugcino lwamandla, iziseko zombane, kunye namacandelo emveliso ahambele phambili, ukugcina amandla angatshintshiyo e-welding kuya kuhlala kungumba obalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwemveliso kunye nokusebenza kwexesha elide{0}}. Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo eqhubekayo kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezisemgangathweni ziyakudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni{2}}iziphumo zokwenziwa komgangatho ophezulu.
